- The persistence layer of SAP HANA relies on Data and Log volumes. The in-memory data is regularly saved to these volumes.
- Data:
- SQL data and undo log information
- Additional HANA information, such as modeling data
- Kept in-memory to ensure maximum performance
- Write process is asynchronous
- Log:
- Information about data changes (redo log)
- Directly saved to persistent storage when transaction is committed
- Cyclical overwrite (only after backup)
- Savepoint:
- Changed data and undo log is written from memory to persistent storage
- Automatic
- At least every 5 minutes (customizable)
- Data and log volumes are used as follows:
- On a regular basis, data pages and before images (undo log pages) are written in the data volumes. This process is called a Savepoint.
- Between two savepoints, after images (redo log pages) are written in the log volumes. This is done each time a transaction is committed.
- Shadow paging is used to undo changes that were persisted since the last savepoint.
- With the shadow page concept, physical disk pages written by the last savepoint are not overwritten until the next savepoint is successfully completed.
- Instead, new physical pages are used to persist changed logical pages.
- Until the next savepoint is complete, two physical pages may exist for one logical page:
- The shadow page, which still contains the version of the last savepoint.
- The current physical page which contains the changes written to disk after the last savepoint.
- After a restart, the system is restored from the savepoint version of the data pages.
- Note that all data changes written since the last savepoint are not restored.
- After the savepoint is restored, the log is replayed to restore the most recent committed state.
- The system restart includes the following actions:
- Restore data
- Reload the last savepoint
- Seach the undo log for uncommitted transactions saved with last savepoint (stored on the data volume) and roll them back
- Search the redo log for committed transactions since last savepoint (stored on the log volume) and re-execute them
- Load all the tables of the row store into memory
- Load the tables of the column store that are marked for preload into memory
- Note: Only tables marked for preload are loaded into memory during startup.
- Tables marked for loading on demand will only be loaded into memory at first access.
From the HANA Studio, expand Catalog, right-click on a table and select Open Definition.
The type of the table will be shown within the "Type" dropdown.
114. Explain CO-PA (Control - Profitability Analysis) Accelerator?
Profitability Analysis (CO-PA) Accelerator assists in evaluating the market segments, which can be classified according to products, customers, orders or any combination or these, or strategic business units, such as sales organizations or business area, with respect to your company's profit or contribution margin.
The aim of the system is to provide the sales, marketing, product management, and corporate planning departments with information to support internal accounting and decision-making.
115. What forms of Profitability Analysis are supported?
Two forms of Profitability Analysis are supported:
- Costing-based: is a form of profitability analysis that groups cost and revenues according to the value fields and costing-based calculation approaches.
- guarantees access at all times to a complete, short-term profitability report
- this method emphasizes on matching the revenues for goods and/or services provided (the value that a company gains as a result of sales) against the related expenses for those items (the value that is lost when products are transferred out of the company).
- this accounting method displays profit and loss information in a manner optimized for conducting margin analysis, and as such it is optimal for the sales, marketing, and product management areas.
- Account-based: is a form of profitability analysis organized in accounts and using an account-based valuation approach.
- uses cost and revenue elements
- provides a permanently reconciled with financial accounting report
- this method emphasizes on summarizing the activity and situational change over a period of time, for a given organizational unit.
- this accounting method presents the revenues and primary expenses that have been incurred during a given period of time and the changes in stock value levels, work-in-process, and capitalized activities. As such, it is optimal for the production and profit center areas.
- Profitability Analysis (CO-PA) calculates profits according to cost-of-sales method of accounting. ProfitCenter Accounting (EC-PCA), on the other hand, supports both period accounting as well as the cost-of-sales approach.
116. Explain Market segments and Performance figures?
- Market segments are normally some combination of information regarding customers, products, and the selling organization.
- Performance figures are normally measurements of quantities, revenues, discounts, surcharges, product costs, margins, period costs, etc.
- Sales Quantity
- Sales Revenue
- Customer discount
- Sales commission
- Direct sales costs
- Net revenue
- Direct material costs
- Variable production costs
- Contribution margin I
- Material overhead
- Fixed production costs
- Contribution margin II
- Variances
- Contribution margin III
- Overhead costs
- Operating profit
- Success of Marketing Activities: Study the success of the most recent sales promotion for a product line
- Revenue and Cost Structure: Study the impact of a pricing strategy for a group of customers.
In order to use Profitability Analysis (CO-PA), you have to define operating concerns. An operating concern is an organizational unit in Financials.
Using the Transaction code SD11 one can find the tables in ERP and their dependencies.
120. Explain Segment table, Segment level, Actual Line Item, Plan Line Item, Characteristics, and Summarization levels?
The structure of an operating concern is determined by:
- Analysis criteria (characteristics, or attributes) and
- The values to be evaluated (value fields) (only in costing-based Profitability Analysis).
- G/L accounts (only in account-based Profitability Analysis).
Using the Transaction code SD11 one can find the tables in ERP and their dependencies.
- Segment Table: Dimension table
- Segment Level: Fact table
- Actual Line Item:
- Plan Line Item:
- Characteristics: Attributes
- Summarrization Level: Aggregation
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